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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Graphical user interface</span></span>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"GUI" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="Gui_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Gui (disambiguation)">Gui (disambiguation)</a>.</div>

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<p>A <b>graphical user interface</b>, or <b>GUI</b><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, is a form of <a href="User_interface" title="User interface">user interface</a> that allows <a href="User_(computing)" title="User (computing)">users</a> to <a href="Human%E2%80%93computer_interaction" title="Human–computer interaction">interact with electronic devices</a> through <a href="Graphics" title="Graphics">graphical</a> <a href="Icon_(computing)" title="Icon (computing)">icons</a> and visual indicators such as <a href="Secondary_notation" title="Secondary notation">secondary notation</a>. In many applications, GUIs are used instead of <a href="Text-based_user_interface" title="Text-based user interface">text-based UIs</a>, which are based on typed command labels or text navigation. GUIs were introduced in reaction to the perceived steep <a href="Learning_curve" title="Learning curve">learning curve</a> of <a href="Command-line_interface" title="Command-line interface">command-line interfaces</a> (CLIs),<sup id="cite_ref-computerhope.com_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-computerhope.com-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which require commands to be typed on a <a href="Computer_keyboard" title="Computer keyboard">computer keyboard</a>.

</p><p>The actions in a GUI are usually performed through <a href="Direct_manipulation_interface" title="Direct manipulation interface">direct manipulation</a> of the graphical elements.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beyond computers, GUIs are used in many handheld <a href="Mobile_device" title="Mobile device">mobile devices</a> such as <a href="MP3" title="MP3">MP3</a> players, portable media players, gaming devices, <a href="Smartphone" title="Smartphone">smartphones</a> and smaller household, office and <a href="Distributed_control_system" title="Distributed control system">industrial controls</a>. The term <i>GUI</i> tends not to be applied to other lower-<a href="Display_resolution" title="Display resolution">display resolution</a> <a href="User_interface#Types" title="User interface">types of interfaces</a>, such as <a href="Video_game" title="Video game">video games</a> (where <a href="Heads-up_display_(video_games)" class="mw-redirect" title="Heads-up display (video games)">head-up displays</a> (<i>HUDs</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are preferred), or not including flat screens like <a href="Volumetric_display" title="Volumetric display">volumetric displays</a><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> because the term is restricted to the scope of <a href="Two-dimensional_Euclidean_space" class="mw-redirect" title="Two-dimensional Euclidean space">2D</a> display screens able to describe generic information, in the tradition of the <a href="Computer_science" title="Computer science">computer science</a> research at the <a href="PARC_(company)" title="PARC (company)">Xerox Palo Alto Research Center</a>.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="GUI_and_interaction_design">GUI and interaction design</h2></div>

<p>Designing the visual composition and temporal behavior of a GUI is an important part of <a href="Software_application" class="mw-redirect" title="Software application">software application</a> programming in the area of <a href="Human%E2%80%93computer_interaction" title="Human–computer interaction">human–computer interaction</a>. Its goal is to enhance the efficiency and ease of use for the underlying logical design of a stored <a href="Computer_program" title="Computer program">program</a>, a design discipline named <i><a href="Usability" title="Usability">usability</a></i>. Methods of user-centered design are used to ensure that the visual language introduced in the design is well-tailored to the tasks.

</p><p>The visible graphical interface features of an application are sometimes referred to as <i>chrome</i> or <i>GUI</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Typically, users interact with information by manipulating visual <a href="Widget_(GUI)" class="mw-redirect" title="Widget (GUI)">widgets</a> that allow for interactions appropriate to the kind of data they hold. The widgets of a well-designed interface are selected to support the actions necessary to achieve the goals of users. A <a href="Model%E2%80%93view%E2%80%93controller" title="Model–view–controller">model–view–controller</a> allows flexible structures in which the interface is independent of and indirectly linked to application functions, so the GUI can be customized easily. This allows users to select or design a different <i>skin</i> or <i><a href="Theme_(computing)" title="Theme (computing)">theme</a></i> at will, and eases the designer's work to change the interface as user needs evolve. Good GUI design relates to users more, and to system architecture less.

Large widgets, such as <a href="Window_(computing)" title="Window (computing)">windows</a>, usually provide a frame or container for the main presentation content such as a web page, email message, or drawing. Smaller ones usually act as a user-input tool.

</p><p>A GUI may be designed for the requirements of a <a href="Vertical_market" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertical market">vertical market</a> as application-specific GUIs. Examples include <a href="Automated_teller_machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Automated teller machine">automated teller machines</a> (ATM), <a href="Point_of_sale" title="Point of sale">point of sale</a> (POS) touchscreens at restaurants,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Self-checkout" title="Self-checkout">self-service checkouts</a> used in a retail store, airline self-ticket and check-in, information kiosks in a public space, like a train station or a museum, and monitors or control screens in an embedded industrial application which employ a <a href="Real-time_operating_system" title="Real-time operating system">real-time operating system</a> (RTOS).

</p><p><a href="Mobile_phone" title="Mobile phone">Cell phones</a> and handheld game systems also employ application specific touchscreen GUIs. Newer automobiles use GUIs in their navigation systems and multimedia centers, or navigation multimedia center combinations.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2></div>

<li class="gallerycaption">Sample graphical environments</li>

<div class="gallerytext"><a href="GNOME_Shell" title="GNOME Shell">GNOME Shell</a></div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext"><a href="KDE_Plasma_6" title="KDE Plasma 6">KDE Plasma 6</a></div>

</li>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Windows on an example <a href="Wayland_(display_server_protocol)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayland (display server protocol)">Wayland compositor</a></div>

</li>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext"><a href="Enlightenment_(software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Enlightenment (software)">Enlightenment</a></div>

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<div class="gallerytext"><a href="Sugar_(software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sugar (software)">Sugar</a></div>

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<div class="gallerytext">A <a href="Twm" title="Twm">twm</a> <a href="X_Window_System" title="X Window System">X Window System</a> environment</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">The <a href="Dwm" title="Dwm">dwm</a> <a href="Tiling_window_manager" title="Tiling window manager">tiling window manager</a></div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext"><a href="Cinnamon_(desktop_environment)" title="Cinnamon (desktop environment)">Cinnamon</a></div>

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<div class="gallerytext"><a href="Phosh" title="Phosh">Phosh</a></div>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Components">Components</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="List_of_graphical_user_interface_elements" title="List of graphical user interface elements">List of graphical user interface elements</a></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="WIMP_(computing)" title="WIMP (computing)">WIMP (computing)</a>, <a href="Window_manager" title="Window manager">Window manager</a>, and <a href="Desktop_environment" title="Desktop environment">Desktop environment</a></div>

<p>A GUI uses a combination of technologies and devices to provide a platform that users can interact with, for the tasks of gathering and producing information.

</p><p>A series of elements conforming a <a href="Visual_language" title="Visual language">visual language</a> have evolved to represent information stored in computers. This makes it easier for people with few computer skills to work with and use computer software. The most common combination of such elements in GUIs is the <i>windows, icons, text fields, canvases, menus, pointer</i> (<a href="WIMP_(computing)" title="WIMP (computing)">WIMP</a>) paradigm, especially in <a href="Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">personal computers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The WIMP style of interaction uses a virtual <a href="Input_device" title="Input device">input device</a> to represent the position of a <a href="Pointing_device" title="Pointing device">pointing device's interface</a>, most often a <a href="Computer_mouse" title="Computer mouse">mouse</a>, and presents <a href="Information" title="Information">information</a> organized in windows and represented with <a href="Icon_(computing)" title="Icon (computing)">icons</a>. Available commands are compiled together in menus, and actions are performed making gestures with the pointing device. A <a href="Window_manager" title="Window manager">window manager</a> facilitates the interactions between windows, <a href="Application_software" title="Application software">applications</a>, and the <a href="Windowing_system" title="Windowing system">windowing system</a>. The windowing system handles hardware devices such as pointing devices, graphics hardware, and positioning of the pointer.

</p><p>In <a href="Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">personal computers</a>, all these elements are modeled through a <a href="Desktop_metaphor" title="Desktop metaphor">desktop metaphor</a> to produce a simulation called a <a href="Desktop_environment" title="Desktop environment">desktop environment</a> in which the display represents a desktop, on which documents and folders of documents can be placed. Window managers and other software combine to simulate the desktop environment with varying degrees of realism.

</p><p>Entries may appear in a list to make space for text and details, or in a grid for compactness and larger icons with little space underneath for text. Variations in between exist, such as a list with multiple columns of items and a grid of items with rows of text extending sideways from the icon.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Multi-row and multi-column layouts commonly found on the web are "shelf" and "waterfall". The former is found on <a href="Image_search_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Image search engine">image search engines</a>, where images appear with a fixed height but variable length, and is typically implemented with the CSS property and parameter <code>display: inline-block;</code>. A waterfall layout found on <a href="Imgur" title="Imgur">Imgur</a> and <a href="TweetDeck" title="TweetDeck">TweetDeck</a> with fixed width but variable height per item is usually implemented by specifying <code>column-width:</code>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post-WIMP_interface">Post-WIMP interface</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Post-WIMP" title="Post-WIMP">Post-WIMP</a></div>

<p>Smaller app mobile devices such as <a href="Personal_digital_assistant" title="Personal digital assistant">personal digital assistants</a> (PDAs) and <a href="Smartphone" title="Smartphone">smartphones</a> typically use the WIMP elements with different unifying metaphors, due to constraints in space and available input devices. Applications for which WIMP is not well suited may use newer <a href="Interaction_technique" title="Interaction technique">interaction techniques</a>, collectively termed <i><a href="Post-WIMP" title="Post-WIMP">post-WIMP</a></i> UIs.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>As of 2011, some touchscreen-based operating systems such as Apple's <a href="IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a> (<a href="IPhone" title="IPhone">iPhone</a>) and <a href="Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a> use the class of GUIs named post-WIMP. These support styles of interaction using more than one finger in contact with a display, which allows actions such as pinching and rotating, which are unsupported by one pointer and mouse.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interaction">Interaction</h2></div>

<p><a href="Human_interface_device" title="Human interface device">Human interface devices</a>, for the efficient interaction with a GUI include a <a href="Computer_keyboard" title="Computer keyboard">computer keyboard</a>, especially used together with <a href="Keyboard_shortcut" title="Keyboard shortcut">keyboard shortcuts</a>, <a href="Pointing_device" title="Pointing device">pointing devices</a> for the <a href="Cursor_(user_interface)" title="Cursor (user interface)">cursor</a> (or rather <a href="Pointer_(user_interface)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pointer (user interface)">pointer</a>) control: <a href="Mouse_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mouse (computing)">mouse</a>, <a href="Pointing_stick" title="Pointing stick">pointing stick</a>, <a href="Touchpad" title="Touchpad">touchpad</a>, <a href="Trackball" title="Trackball">trackball</a>, <a href="Joystick" title="Joystick">joystick</a>, <a href="Virtual_keyboard" title="Virtual keyboard">virtual keyboards</a>, and <a href="Head-up_display" title="Head-up display">head-up displays</a> (translucent information devices at the eye level).

</p><p>There are also actions performed by programs that affect the GUI. For example, there are components like <a href="Inotify" title="Inotify">inotify</a> or <a href="D-Bus" title="D-Bus">D-Bus</a> to facilitate communication between computer programs.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="History_of_the_graphical_user_interface" title="History of the graphical user interface">History of the graphical user interface</a></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_efforts">Early efforts</h3></div>

<p><a href="Ivan_Sutherland" title="Ivan Sutherland">Ivan Sutherland</a> developed <a href="Sketchpad" title="Sketchpad">Sketchpad</a> in 1963, widely held as the first graphical <a href="Computer-aided_design" title="Computer-aided design">computer-aided design</a> program. It used a <a href="Light_pen" title="Light pen">light pen</a> to create and manipulate objects in engineering drawings in realtime with coordinated graphics. In the late 1960s, researchers at the <a href="SRI_International" title="SRI International">Stanford Research Institute</a>, led by <a href="Douglas_Engelbart" title="Douglas Engelbart">Douglas Engelbart</a>, developed the <a href="NLS_(computer_system)" title="NLS (computer system)">On-Line System</a> (NLS), which used text-based <a href="Hyperlink" title="Hyperlink">hyperlinks</a> manipulated with a then-new device: the <a href="Computer_mouse" title="Computer mouse">mouse</a>. (A 1968 demonstration of NLS became known as "<a href="The_Mother_of_All_Demos" title="The Mother of All Demos">The Mother of All Demos</a>".) In the 1970s, Engelbart's ideas were further refined and extended to graphics by researchers at <a href="Xerox_PARC" class="mw-redirect" title="Xerox PARC">Xerox PARC</a> and specifically <a href="Alan_Kay" title="Alan Kay">Alan Kay</a>, who went beyond text-based hyperlinks and used a GUI as the main interface for the <a href="Smalltalk" title="Smalltalk">Smalltalk programming language</a>, which ran on the <a href="Xerox_Alto" title="Xerox Alto">Xerox Alto</a> <a href="Computer" title="Computer">computer</a>, released in 1973. Most modern general-purpose GUIs are derived from this system.

</p><p>The Xerox PARC GUI consisted of graphical elements such as <a href="Window_(computing)" title="Window (computing)">windows</a>, <a href="Menu_(computing)" title="Menu (computing)">menus</a>, <a href="Radio_button" title="Radio button">radio buttons</a>, and <a href="Check_box" class="mw-redirect" title="Check box">check boxes</a>. The concept of <a href="Icon_(computing)" title="Icon (computing)">icons</a> was later introduced by <a href="David_Canfield_Smith" title="David Canfield Smith">David Canfield Smith</a>, who had written a thesis on the subject under the guidance of Kay.<sup id="cite_ref-MIT_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MIT-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nader_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nader-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pygmalion_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pygmalion-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The PARC GUI employs a <a href="Pointing_device" title="Pointing device">pointing device</a> along with a keyboard. These aspects can be emphasized by using the alternative term and acronym for <i>windows, icons, menus, <a href="Pointing_device" title="Pointing device">pointing device</a></i> (<a href="WIMP_(computing)" title="WIMP (computing)">WIMP</a>). This effort culminated in the 1973 <a href="Xerox_Alto" title="Xerox Alto">Xerox Alto</a>, the first computer with a GUI, though the system never reached commercial production.

</p><p>The first commercially available computer with a GUI was the 1979 <a href="PERQ" title="PERQ">PERQ workstation</a>, manufactured by Three Rivers Computer Corporation. Its design was heavily influenced by the work at Xerox PARC. In 1981, Xerox eventually commercialized the ideas from the Alto in the form of a new and enhanced system – the Xerox 8010 Information System – more commonly known as the <a href="Xerox_Star" title="Xerox Star">Xerox Star</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These early systems spurred many other GUI efforts, including <a href="Lisp_machine" title="Lisp machine">Lisp machines</a> by <a href="Symbolics" title="Symbolics">Symbolics</a> and other manufacturers, the <a href="Apple_Lisa" title="Apple Lisa">Apple Lisa</a> (which presented the concept of <a href="Menu_bar" title="Menu bar">menu bar</a> and <a href="Window_manager" title="Window manager">window controls</a>) in 1983, the <a href="Apple_Computer" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple Computer">Apple</a> <a href="Macintosh_128K" title="Macintosh 128K">Macintosh 128K</a> in 1984, and the <a href="Atari_ST" title="Atari ST">Atari ST</a> with <a href="Digital_Research" title="Digital Research">Digital Research</a>'s <a href="Graphics_Environment_Manager" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphics Environment Manager">GEM</a>, and Commodore <a href="Amiga" title="Amiga">Amiga</a> in 1985. <a href="Visi_On" title="Visi On">Visi On</a> was released in 1983 for the <a href="IBM_PC_compatible" title="IBM PC compatible">IBM PC compatible</a> computers, but was never popular due to its high hardware demands.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, it was a crucial influence on the contemporary development of <a href="Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Apple, Digital Research, IBM and Microsoft used many of Xerox's ideas to develop products, and IBM's <a href="IBM_Common_User_Access" title="IBM Common User Access">Common User Access</a> specifications formed the basis of the GUIs used in Microsoft Windows, IBM <a href="OS/2" title="OS/2">OS/2</a> <a href="Presentation_Manager" title="Presentation Manager">Presentation Manager</a>, and the Unix <a href="Motif_(software)" title="Motif (software)">Motif</a> toolkit and <a href="Window_manager" title="Window manager">window manager</a>. These ideas evolved to create the interface found in current versions of Microsoft Windows, and in various <a href="Desktop_environment" title="Desktop environment">desktop environments</a> for <a href="Unix-like" title="Unix-like">Unix-like</a> <a href="Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating systems</a>, such as macOS and <a href="Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a>. Thus most current GUIs have largely common idioms.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Popularization">Popularization</h3></div>

<p>GUIs were a hot topic in the early 1980s. The <a href="Apple_Lisa" title="Apple Lisa">Apple Lisa</a> was released in 1983, and various windowing systems existed for <a href="DOS" title="DOS">DOS</a> operating systems (including <a href="Graphics_Environment_Manager" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphics Environment Manager">PC GEM</a> and <a href="GEOS_(16-bit_operating_system)" title="GEOS (16-bit operating system)">PC/GEOS</a>). Individual applications for many platforms presented their own GUI variants.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the GUI's advantages, many reviewers questioned the value of the entire concept,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> citing hardware limits and problems in finding compatible software.

</p><p>In 1984, Apple <a href="1984_(advertisement)" title="1984 (advertisement)">released a television commercial</a> which introduced the Apple Macintosh during the telecast of <a href="Super_Bowl_XVIII" title="Super Bowl XVIII">Super Bowl XVIII</a> by <a href="CBS" title="CBS">CBS</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with <a href="Allusion" title="Allusion">allusions</a> to <a href="George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">George Orwell</a>'s noted novel <i><a href="Nineteen_Eighty-Four" title="Nineteen Eighty-Four">Nineteen Eighty-Four</a></i>. The goal of the commercial was to make people think about computers, identifying the user-friendly interface as a personal computer which departed from prior business-oriented systems,<sup id="cite_ref-friedman_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-friedman-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and becoming a signature representation of Apple products.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In 1985, <a href="Commodore_International" title="Commodore International">Commodore</a> released the <a href="Amiga_1000" title="Amiga 1000">Amiga 1000</a>, along with <a href="Workbench_(AmigaOS)#Workbench_1.x" title="Workbench (AmigaOS)">Workbench</a> and <a href="Kickstart_(Amiga)#Versions" title="Kickstart (Amiga)">Kickstart 1.0</a> (which contained <a href="Intuition_(Amiga)" title="Intuition (Amiga)">Intuition</a>). This interface ran as a separate task, meaning it was very responsive and, unlike other GUIs of the time, it didn't freeze up when a program was busy. Additionally, it was the first GUI to introduce something resembling <a href="Virtual_desktop#Amiga" title="Virtual desktop">Virtual Desktops</a>.

</p><p><a href="Windows_95" title="Windows 95">Windows 95</a>, accompanied by an extensive marketing campaign,<sup id="cite_ref-WinHype_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WinHype-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a major success in the marketplace at launch and shortly became the most popular desktop operating system.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In 2007, with the <a href="IPhone" title="IPhone">iPhone</a><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and later in 2010 with the introduction of the <a href="IPad" title="IPad">iPad</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Apple popularized the post-WIMP style of interaction for <a href="Multi-touch" title="Multi-touch">multi-touch</a> screens, and those devices were considered to be milestones in the development of <a href="Mobile_device" title="Mobile device">mobile devices</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BallStillDoesnt2010_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BallStillDoesnt2010-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-infoworld_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-infoworld-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The GUIs familiar to most people as of the mid-late 2010s are <a href="Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a>, <a href="MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a>, and the <a href="X_Window_System" title="X Window System">X Window System</a> interfaces for desktop and laptop computers, and <a href="Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a>, Apple's <a href="IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a>, <a href="Symbian" title="Symbian">Symbian</a>, <a href="BlackBerry_OS" title="BlackBerry OS">BlackBerry OS</a>, <a href="Windows_Phone" title="Windows Phone">Windows Phone</a>/<a href="Windows_10_Mobile" title="Windows 10 Mobile">Windows 10 Mobile</a>, <a href="Tizen" title="Tizen">Tizen</a>, <a href="WebOS" title="WebOS">WebOS</a>, and <a href="Firefox_OS" title="Firefox OS">Firefox OS</a> for handheld (<a href="Smartphone" title="Smartphone">smartphone</a>) devices.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparison_to_other_interfaces">Comparison to other interfaces</h2></div>

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</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>People said it's more of a right-brain machine and all that—I think there is some truth to that. I think there is something to dealing in a graphical interface and a more kinetic interface—you're really <i>moving</i> information around, you're seeing it move as though it had substance. And you don't see that on a PC. The PC is very much of a conceptual machine; you move information around the way you move formulas, elements on either side of an equation. I think there's a difference.</p></blockquote><div class="templatequotecite"><p style="display: inline; padding-left: 2.3em;">— <a href="Andrew_Fluegelman" title="Andrew Fluegelman">Andrew Fluegelman</a> on the Macintosh, 1985<sup id="cite_ref-microtimes198505_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-microtimes198505-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Command-line_interfaces">Command-line interfaces</h3></div>

<p>Since the commands available in command line interfaces can be many, complex operations can be performed using a short sequence of words and symbols. Custom functions may be used to facilitate access to frequent actions.

Command-line interfaces are more <a href="Minimalism_(computing)" title="Minimalism (computing)">lightweight</a>, as they only recall information necessary for a task; for example, no preview thumbnails or graphical rendering of web pages. This allows greater efficiency and productivity once many commands are learned.<sup id="cite_ref-computerhope.com_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-computerhope.com-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But reaching this level takes some time because the command words may not be easily discoverable or <a href="Mnemonic" title="Mnemonic">mnemonic</a>. Also, using the command line can become slow and error-prone when users must enter long commands comprising many parameters or several different filenames at once. However, <i>windows, icons, menus, pointer</i> (<a href="WIMP_(computing)" title="WIMP (computing)">WIMP</a>) interfaces present users with many <a href="Widget_(GUI)" class="mw-redirect" title="Widget (GUI)">widgets</a> that represent and can trigger some of the system's available commands.

</p><p>GUIs can be made quite hard when dialogs are buried deep in a system or moved about to different places during redesigns. Also, icons and dialog boxes are usually harder for users to script.

</p><p>WIMPs extensively use <a href="Mode_(user_interface)" title="Mode (user interface)">modes</a>, as the meaning of all keys and clicks on specific positions on the screen are redefined all the time. Command-line interfaces use modes only in limited forms, such as for current directory and <a href="Environment_variable" title="Environment variable">environment variables</a>.

</p><p>Most modern <a href="Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating systems</a> provide both a GUI and some level of a CLI, although the GUIs usually receive more attention.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="GUI_wrappers">GUI wrappers</h3></div>

<p>GUI wrappers find a way around the <a href="Command-line_interface" title="Command-line interface">command-line interface</a> versions (CLI) of (typically) <a href="Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a> and <a href="Unix-like" title="Unix-like">Unix-like</a> software applications and their <a href="Text-based_user_interface" title="Text-based user interface">text-based UIs</a> or typed command labels. While command-line or text-based applications allow users to run a program non-interactively, GUI wrappers atop them avoid the steep <a href="Learning_curve" title="Learning curve">learning curve</a> of the command-line, which requires commands to be typed on the <a href="Computer_keyboard" title="Computer keyboard">keyboard</a>. By starting a GUI wrapper, <a href="User_(computing)" title="User (computing)">users</a> can intuitively <a href="Human%E2%80%93computer_interaction" title="Human–computer interaction">interact</a> with, start, stop, and change its working parameters, through graphical <a href="Icon_(computing)" title="Icon (computing)">icons</a> and visual indicators of a <a href="Desktop_environment" title="Desktop environment">desktop environment</a>, for example. Applications may also provide both interfaces, and when they do the GUI is usually a WIMP wrapper around the command-line version. This is especially common with applications designed for <a href="Unix-like" title="Unix-like">Unix-like</a> operating systems. The latter used to be implemented first because it allowed the developers to focus exclusively on their product's functionality without bothering about interface details such as designing icons and placing buttons. Designing programs this way also allows users to run the program in a <a href="Shell_script" title="Shell script">shell script</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Three-dimensional_graphical_user_interface">Three-dimensional graphical user interface</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This section is about uniquely software 3D UIs. For both software and hardware 3D input/output devices, see <a href="3D_UIs" class="mw-redirect" title="3D UIs">3D UIs</a>.</div>

<p>Many environments and games use the methods of <a href="3D_graphics" class="mw-redirect" title="3D graphics">3D graphics</a> to project 3D GUI objects onto the screen. The use of 3D graphics has become increasingly common in mainstream operating systems (ex. <a href="Windows_Aero" title="Windows Aero">Windows Aero</a>, and <a href="Aqua_(user_interface)" title="Aqua (user interface)">Aqua</a> (macOS)) to create attractive interfaces, termed eye candy (which includes, for example, the use of <a href="Drop_shadow" title="Drop shadow">drop shadows</a> underneath windows and the <a href="Cursor_(user_interface)" title="Cursor (user interface)">cursor</a>), or for functional purposes only possible using three dimensions. For example, user switching is represented by rotating a cube with faces representing each user's workspace, and window management is represented via a <a href="Rolodex" title="Rolodex">Rolodex</a>-style flipping mechanism in <a href="Windows_Vista" title="Windows Vista">Windows Vista</a> (see <a href="Windows_Flip_3D" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows Flip 3D">Windows Flip 3D</a>). In both cases, the operating system transforms windows on-the-fly while continuing to update the content of those windows.

</p><p>The GUI is usually WIMP-based, although occasionally other metaphors surface, such as those used in <a href="Microsoft_Bob" title="Microsoft Bob">Microsoft Bob</a>, 3dwm, File System Navigator, <a href="File_System_Visualizer" title="File System Visualizer">File System Visualizer</a>, 3D Mailbox,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="GopherVR" title="GopherVR">GopherVR</a>. <a href="Zooming_user_interface" title="Zooming user interface">Zooming</a> (ZUI) is a related technology that promises to deliver the representation benefits of 3D environments without their usability drawbacks of orientation problems and hidden objects. In 2006, <a href="Hillcrest_Labs" title="Hillcrest Labs">Hillcrest Labs</a> introduced the first ZUI for television.<sup id="cite_ref-Moren_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moren-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other innovations include the menus on the <a href="PlayStation_2" title="PlayStation 2">PlayStation 2</a>; the menus on the <a href="Xbox_(console)" title="Xbox (console)">Xbox</a>; Sun's <a href="Project_Looking_Glass" title="Project Looking Glass">Project Looking Glass</a>; <a href="Metisse" title="Metisse">Metisse</a>, which was similar to Project Looking Glass;<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="BumpTop" title="BumpTop">BumpTop</a>, where users can manipulate documents and windows with realistic movement and physics as if they were physical documents; <a href="Croquet_OS" class="mw-redirect" title="Croquet OS">Croquet OS</a>, which is built for collaboration;<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="Compositing_window_manager" class="mw-redirect" title="Compositing window manager">compositing window managers</a> such as <a href="Enlightenment_(software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Enlightenment (software)">Enlightenment</a> and <a href="Compiz" title="Compiz">Compiz</a>. <a href="Augmented_reality" title="Augmented reality">Augmented reality</a> and <a href="Virtual_reality" title="Virtual reality">virtual reality</a> also make use of 3D GUI elements.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_science_fiction">In science fiction</h3></div>

<p>3D GUIs have appeared in <a href="Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">science fiction</a> literature and <a href="Science_fiction_film" title="Science fiction film">films</a>, even before certain technologies were feasible or in common use.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<ul><li>In prose fiction, 3D GUIs have been portrayed as immersible environments, <a href="Coined_term" class="mw-redirect" title="Coined term">coined</a> as <a href="William_Gibson" title="William Gibson">William Gibson</a>'s "<a href="Cyberspace" title="Cyberspace">cyberspace</a>" and <a href="Neal_Stephenson" title="Neal Stephenson">Neal Stephenson</a>'s "<a href="Metaverse" title="Metaverse">metaverse</a>" and "<a href="Avatar_(computing)" title="Avatar (computing)">avatars</a>".</li>

<li>The 1993 American film <i><a href="Jurassic_Park_(film)" title="Jurassic Park (film)">Jurassic Park</a></i> features <a href="Silicon_Graphics" title="Silicon Graphics">Silicon Graphics</a>' 3D file manager File System Navigator, a real-life file manager for <a href="Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a> operating systems.</li>

<li>The film <a href="Minority_Report_(film)" title="Minority Report (film)"><i>Minority Report</i></a> has scenes of police officers using specialized 3D data systems.</li></ul>

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<ul><li><i><a href="Apple_Computer%2C_Inc._v._Microsoft_Corp." title="Apple Computer, Inc. v. Microsoft Corp.">Apple Computer, Inc. v. Microsoft Corp.</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Console_user_interface" title="Console user interface">Console user interface</a></li>

<li><a href="Computer_icon" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer icon">Computer icon</a></li>

<li><a href="Distinguishable_interfaces" title="Distinguishable interfaces">Distinguishable interfaces</a></li>

<li><a href="General_Graphics_Interface" title="General Graphics Interface">General Graphics Interface</a> (software project)</li>

<li><a href="Human_factors_and_ergonomics" class="mw-redirect" title="Human factors and ergonomics">Human factors and ergonomics</a></li>

<li><a href="Natural_user_interface" title="Natural user interface">Natural user interface</a></li>

<li><a href="Ncurses" title="Ncurses">Ncurses</a></li>

<li><a href="Object-oriented_user_interface" title="Object-oriented user interface">Object-oriented user interface</a></li>

<li><a href="Organic_user_interface" title="Organic user interface">Organic user interface</a></li>

<li><a href="Rich_web_application" class="mw-redirect" title="Rich web application">Rich web application</a></li>

<li><a href="Skeuomorph" title="Skeuomorph">Skeuomorph</a></li>

<li><a href="Text_entry_interface" title="Text entry interface">Text entry interface</a></li>

<li><a href="Transportable_Applications_Environment" title="Transportable Applications Environment">Transportable Applications Environment</a></li>

<li><a href="User_experience_design" title="User experience design">User experience design</a></li>

<li><a href="User_interface_design" title="User interface design">User interface design</a></li>

<li><a href="Vector-based_graphical_user_interface" title="Vector-based graphical user interface">Vector-based graphical user interface</a></li></ul>

</div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div>

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</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFWells2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="John_C._Wells" title="John C. Wells">Wells, John</a> (2009). <i>Longman Pronunciation Dictionary</i> (3rd ed.). Pearson Longman. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-4058-8118-0</bdi>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-computerhope.com-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-computerhope.com_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-computerhope.com_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.computerhope.com/issues/ch000619.htm">"Command line vs. GUI"</a>. <i>Computer Hope</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-04-03</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/archive/blogs/mscom/the-gui-versus-the-command-line-which-is-better-part-1">"The GUI versus the Command Line: Which is better? (Part 1)"</a>. Microsoft.com Operations. <i><a href="Microsoft_Learn" title="Microsoft Learn">Microsoft Learn</a></i>. 2007-03-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-01-30</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/archive/blogs/mscom/the-gui-versus-the-command-line-which-is-better-part-2">"The GUI versus the Command Line: Which is better? (Part 2)"</a>. Microsoft.com Operations. <i><a href="Microsoft_Learn" title="Microsoft Learn">Microsoft Learn</a></i>. 2007-03-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-01-30</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/terms/graphical_user_interface.htm">"Graphical user interface"</a>. <i>ScienceDaily</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-05-09</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/graphical_user_interface" class="extiw external" title="wiktionary:graphical user interface">graphical user interface</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Graphical_user_interfaces" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Graphical user interfaces">Graphical user interfaces</a></span>.</div></div>

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<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.slideshare.net/rajeshlal/evolution-of-user-interface-26414802">Evolution of Graphical User Interface in last 50 years</a> by Raj Lal</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110816031619/http://www.computeractive.co.uk/pcw/pc-help/1925325/the-invented-gui">The men who really invented the GUI</a> by Clive Akass</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://toastytech.com/guis/index.html">Graphical User Interface Gallery</a>, screenshots of various GUIs</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guidebookgallery.org/">Marcin Wichary's GUIdebook</a>, Graphical User Interface gallery: over 5500 screenshots of GUI, application and icon history</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040309225129/http://www.sitepoint.com/article/real-history-gui">The Real History of the GUI</a> by Mike Tuck</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090605174302/http://www.nealstephenson.com/command/">In The Beginning Was The Command Line</a> by Neal Stephenson</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.103.5038&rep=rep1&type=pdf">3D Graphical User Interfaces</a> (PDF) by Farid BenHajji and Erik Dybner, Department of Computer and Systems Sciences, Stockholm University</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.handle.net/10045/51725">Topological Analysis of the Gibbs Energy Function (Liquid-Liquid Equilibrium Correlation Data). Including a Thermodinamic Review and a Graphical User Interface (GUI) for Surfaces/Tie-lines/Hessian matrix analysis</a> – University of Alicante (Reyes-Labarta et al. 2015–18)</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cllax.com/innovative-ways-to-use-information-visualization-across-a-variety-of-fields.html">Innovative Ways to Use Information Visualization across a Variety of Fields</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240620150613/https://cllax.com/innovative-ways-to-use-information-visualization-across-a-variety-of-fields.html">Archived</a> 2024-06-20 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by Ryan Erwin Digital marketing specialist (CLLAX) (2022-05)</li></ul>

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</style><div id="User_interfaces152" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="User_interface" title="User interface">User interfaces</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Natural-language_user_interface" title="Natural-language user interface">Natural-language user interfaces</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Chatbot" title="Chatbot">Chatbot</a></li>

<li><a href="Dialogue_system" title="Dialogue system">Dialogue system</a></li>

<li><a href="Voice_user_interface" title="Voice user interface">Voice user interfaces</a></li>

<li><a href="Conversational_user_interface" title="Conversational user interface">Conversational user interface</a></li>

<li><a href="Virtual_assistant" title="Virtual assistant">Virtual assistant</a></li>

<li><a href="Voice_search" title="Voice search">Voice search</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Graphical_widget" title="Graphical widget">Widgets</a></li>

<li><a href="Zooming_user_interface" title="Zooming user interface">Zooming user interface</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Touch_user_interface" title="Touch user interface">Touch user interfaces</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Multi-touch" title="Multi-touch">Multi-touch</a></li>

<li><a href="Tangible_user_interface" title="Tangible user interface">Tangible user interface</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="3D_user_interface" class="mw-redirect" title="3D user interface">3D user interfaces</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Augmented_reality" title="Augmented reality">Augmented</a> and <a href="Virtual_reality" title="Virtual reality">virtual reality</a></li>

<li><a href="Finger_tracking" title="Finger tracking">Finger tracking</a></li>

<li><a href="Positional_tracking" class="mw-redirect" title="Positional tracking">Positional tracking</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other user interfaces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Text-based_user_interface" title="Text-based user interface">Text-based user interface</a></li>

<li><a href="Natural_user_interface" title="Natural user interface">Natural user interface</a></li>

<li><a href="Multimodal_interaction" title="Multimodal interaction">Multimodal user interface</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q782543#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata928" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q782543#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata928" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Authority control databases </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh93002168">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="grafická uživatelská rozhraní"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph278590&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007553978505171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/concept/7f81dc64-2698-4883-be10-2e758731d264">Yale LUX</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

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